Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy

Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe Ferro magnetized Shape Memory AlloyMicrostructures and Magnetic Anisotropy Properties of Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe ferro magnetized effect holding debaseAbstractThis study investigated the microstructure, charismatic anisotropy and the trend of magnetic national induced strain in Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe ferromagnetic shape memory alloys. At room temperature, a trunk-type stage precipitates in the ground substance degree and the cereal grass boundaries in each specimen. The p atomic number 18nt physical body in each specimen is set as L10-type martensitic phase with a (1-11) checkning plane, which prefer growth in (110) orientation after directional solidification. The magnetic anisotropy unvaried arouse measure out 1.13106ergcm-3 and 1.36106ergcm-3 by Suckmith-Thompson method, respectively. The trend of twin martensitic rearrangement had evaluated by Ohandley model and the head was revealed that the magnetic anisotropy energy in specimens was far great than Zeeman energy difference across the twin boundaries and the twin martensitic shtup rearrangement to obtain strains in applied magnetic playing country.Key words magnetic anisotropy ferromagnetic shape memory alloys twin martensitic Suckmith-Thompson method strains in applied magnetic field1 . IntroductionFerromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) exhibit large magnetic field induced strain (MFIS) and fast response in the application of an foreign magnetic field, which was considered as potential candidate materials for magnetic controlled actuators and sensors1, 2. Several FSMAs exist including Ni-Mn-Ga3-8, Co-Ni-Ga9, 10, Ni-Mn-Al1, Ni-Fe-Ga2 and Co-Ni-Al11-17 etc.Of these alloys, -base Co-Ni-Al alloys was drawn much solicitude because of their better ductility and low cost of constituent elements18, 19. In Co-Ni-Al alloys, dual-phase structure arises is of a great advantage for practical applications, due to tailor of mechanical properties of the phase and ph ase. Generally, phase (B2, B.C.C.) in polycrystalline material is extremely hard and brittle, but the presence of phase (A1, F.C.C.) can significantly improve the ductility with alloy20, 21.On the another(prenominal) hand, B2-type phase has transformed to the L10-type thermo-elastic martensite when temperature cooling below the phase rendering temperature and a large MFIS were found in Co-Ni-Al alloy due to the rearrangement of twin martensite random variables in external magnetic field22, 23. In MFIS process, the magnetic anisotropy energy can lead the variant rearrangement in commit that the magnetic easy axis was aligned parallel to the magnetic field direction when the magnetic anisotropy energy was larger than the energy driving variant rearrangement24. So, to obtain the magnetic anisotropy and the trend of twin martensite boundary mobility in FMSAs was in truth important.In this study, the microstructure and magnetic anisotropy in Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe were investigat ed. Furthermore, in order to establish out a useful direction in ferromagnetic shape memory alloy designs, the trend of magnetic field induced strain with ferromagnetic element Fe added in Co-Ni-Al alloy was discussed.2. Experimental ProcedureThe samples with the composition Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 (at%) were prepargond by arc-melting furnace using purity elements (99.99%) under pure argon atmosphere. Ingots were melted four times to ensure the homogeneity and then suction cast into rods with a diam of 3mm and a length of 70mm. The rods were grown used the liquid metal cooling directional solidification method in Al2O3 crucible at pulling ordain of 100m/s and temperature gradients of 800/cm. In order to obtain microstructure of the specimens, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were examined. XRD were examined in the Philips PW170 using CuK 1 ray of light at a scanning angle of 10-90 and a scanning speed of 3/min. TEM was performed on a Philips CM12 and a Tecnai F20 super twin field emission gun TEM equipped with a Gatan imaging filter system. Specimens for TEM analysis were thinned by twin jet electro-polishing in a solution of 5% perchloric acid and 95% ethanol. The magnetisation was examined for selected samples using the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (Lake Shore 7407) with a maximum magnetic field of 1.5T at room temperature.3. Results and Discussion3.1 MicrostructuresThe microstructure images of specimens are shown in Fig.1. It can be seen that a typical dendritic morphology in the specimens and the trunk phase are the Co-rich phase, which precipitates in the matrix phase and the grain boundaries in each specimen. The phase grows in Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 alloy is tinyer indicating that Fe add in Co-Ni-Al alloy has a trend to formationtion more matrix phase. The matrix phase undergoes the martensitic transformation suggesting that the martensitic transformation start te mperature (TMs) higher than room temperature.Fig.2 gives the XRD patterns of Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12. The spectrum peaks of the parent phase in each specimen is identified as L10 structure (martensite phase) with the small amount of the coexisting phase (A1 structure), which is in good agreement with the observation of the micrographs. After directional solidification, the martensitic implies preferred (110) orientation in alloy Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 and the spectrum peak of phase appears less orientation when Fe add in Co1.36Ni1.21Al alloy.Fig.3 shows TEM photographs and selected-area diffraction pattern of samples. It can be seen that martensite, whose transformation from phase, is tetragonal L10 structure. The twin martensite is spearhead-shaped, which is the presence of many black and color pinstripes regularly piled up. Fig.3b and 3d shows the electron diffraction patterns exhibiting the structural feature of the specimens. The patterns wer e taken with an incident electron beam parallel to the 011 zone axis and the primary diffraction spots are indexed for the L10 structure twin martensite with a (1-11) twinning plane.3.2 Magnetic anisotropyThe magnetic flux densitys of specimens as a function of applied magnetic field at room temperature are shown in Fig.4. The measured M-H curves for the a-plane direction can be satu telld easily, while the magnetization for the c-axis is hardly saturated. Obviously, a-plane is the easy direction to magnetic, but c-axis is the hard direction. The value of coercivity (Hc) and saturation magnetization (Ms) with Co1.36Ni1.21Al alloy was about 102Oe and 43.72emu/g, respectively. Compared, the value of Ms was promoted from 43.72emu/g to 57.64emu/g and the Hc decrease from 102Oe to 53Oe in Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12.The axial magnetic anisotropy constant Ku of the sample was determined by the magnetization curves measured along and perpendicular the axis. The magnetic anisotropy energy Em was calculated by equation25 (1)EmK2sin2+K4sin4 (1)Where is the angle between the magnetization and the c-axis K2 is the second-order magnetic anisotropy constant and K4 is the fourth-order magnetic anisotropy constant. The value of magnetic anisotropy constant Ku is approximately equal to the sum of K2 and K4 as shows in equation (2)KuK2+ K4 (2)After correcting the demagnetizing field, the value of magnetic anisotropy constant K2, K4 and Ku can evaluate by the Suckmith-Thompson method 24using the equation (3)2 K2/Ms2+(4K4/Ms4)M2=He/M (3)Where Ms is the saturation intensity M is the magnetization and He is the effective field. From equation (3), the anisotropy constants can obtain from the graph of M2 and He/M the slope being is 4 K4/Ms4 and the intercept of Y-axis is 2 K2/Ms2.Fig.5 is the graph of M2 and He/M of specimens Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 and the values of magnetic anisotropy constant K2, K4 and Ku were calculated in Table 1. However, the value of Ku in Co1.36Ni 1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 approach same level compare with tradition FSMAs (NiMnGa26, 27, Ku=-2.03106 ergcm-3) and the lager value of Ku can provide greater magnetic anisotropy energy in applied magnetic field.3.3 Dimensionless field normalized by anisotropyThe magnetic field induced strains in FSMAs are explained by the rearrangement of twin boundaries in variants martensitic phase under the driving force of the Zeeman energy (MsH) difference across the twin boundaries. Twin boundaries with the large magnetic anisotropy can obtain great magnetic anisotropy energy in applied magnetic field. When the magnetic anisotropy energy is bigger than the energy driving variant rearrangement, the magnetic anisotropy energy can lead the variant rearrangement in order that the magnetic easy axis is aligned parallel to the magnetic field direction. The mechanism for twin-boundary motion shows in Fig.6. Ohandley28 was used dimensionless field parameter ha to express the relationship between Zeeman energy and magnetic anisotropy energy. The dimensionless field parameter ha can evaluate by the equation (4)ha=MsH/2Ku (4)When haa1, the magnetic anisotropy energy is not sufficient to overcome Zeeman energy and the material cant obtain strain in applied magnetic field.In order to make sure trend of magnetic field induced strain of specimens, the values of ha were calculated and the result list in Table 2. Obviously, the values of ha in Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 alloys was smaller than 1. The magnetic anisotropy energy of specimens is far greater than Zeeman energy difference across the twin boundaries and the twin martensitic can rearrangement to obtain large strains in applied magnetic field. Furthermore, Fe added in Co-Ni-Al alloy can enhance the magnetic anisotropy and reduce the dimensionless field parameter ha as shows in Table 2. It was suggesting that Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 has lager trend of twin boundary rearrangement and it is a meaningful direction for material design of FSMAs.4. ConclusionIn order to obtain large magnetic field induced strain of MFIS at room temperature in Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 alloys, the microstructure and magnetic anisotropy and the trend of rearrangement twin boundary were investigated.A trunk-type phase precipitates in the matrix phase and the grain boundaries in each specimen. The parent phase in each specimen is identified as L10-type martensitic phase with a (1-11) twinning plane, which prefer growth in (110) orientation after directional solidification. The magnetic anisotropy constant Ku of Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 alloys were evaluated to be 1.13106ergcm-3 and 1.36106ergcm-3, respectively. The trend of twin martensitic rearrangement has evaluated using Ohandley model. 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