Monorail Thesis

CONTENTS * INTRODUCTION * OBJECTIVE * SCOPE OF STUDY * NEED OF STUDY * METHEDOLOGY * LITERATURE REVIEW * CASE STUDY * CONCLUSION * BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Why Monorail? Monorails are the cheapest way of adding grade-separated, high-capacity public transport over the gridlock on the ground. They are also totally independent of existing tram, train and bus systems. 1. 1. 1 Monorails are proven. Many monorail systems are in use as high-capacity public transport systems carrying thousands of passengers a day – especially in Japan 1. 1. 2 Monorails are safe.Being totally grade-separated monorails are one of the safest forms of transport. 1. 1. 3 Monorails are environmentally friendly. Monorails have similar energy-efficiency to other mass-transit systems. They are far less energy-intensive to build than a rail subway while having a far lower footprint than surface rail. Monorails can be installed with a minimum of disruption on the ground and have a lower visual impact than other types of elevated rail systems. Monorails can travel at over 80km/h providing an excellent alternative to cars in crowded cities. 1. 1. 4 Monorails are cost effective.Retrofitting a subway to a crowded city is usually prohibitively expensive. Great uncertainties usually exist as to the full cost of dealing with the myriad underground services (sewers, storm water, mains water, electricity & gas. ) as well as geological challenges such as rock and mud. Often subway systems are below sea-level creating many expensive and time-consuming challenges during construction and maintenance. 1. 15 Monorails are quick to build. The monorails proposed here could be built in time for the 2014 election. Monorails Cost Less Monorail systems cost about 5 to 10% per kilometre of a subway system.Construction risks are less with Monorail system due to the ease of above-ground construction. * It is one of the urban rapid transit system. * Mono rail is a rail-based transportation system based on a single rail. * In this vehicle bodies are connected to the beam allowing curves to be negotiated. * Faster transportation. * Cheaper as compared to metro. Disabled Access The Monorail system can be accessed by lift from street level. As lift floor, platform floor and monorail car floors are at the same level there is no impediment to the disabled person using a Monorail system.Hitachi's vehicles are also able to accept a walkway to evacuate disabled passengers between monorail trains should a monorail become stranded between stations. Operation Ideally the Monorail would use the new myki system. It could be operated by Metro, Yarra Trams or some other body. Hitachi monorail trains can be fully or partially automated. If partially automated an operator would close the doors and then the train's computer would drive the monorail to the next station as is done for London's Dockland Light Rail. StationsStations can be built into existing buildings increasing the value of the buildi ng. Minor stations could have a smaller footprint if they use multiple lifts rather than escalators. Stairs should also be provided for the athletic as well as for emergencies. Ideally stations would be translucent to reduce visual impact. This would entail as much as possible of the structure being constructed of glass or other transparent material. Solar panels could provide power to the station. Station walls would probably need to wrap around the monorail to provide protection for passengers in bad weather.Aesthetics Melbourne’s monorail could be a great visual asset to the city and a major tourist draw card if adequate attention is given to the design of the pillars and beamway. (This has not always been the case with other existing monorails. ) A ‘Medium sized’ monorail such as the Seattle Monorail is recommended for Melbourne. The ‘large sized’ monorail such as the Kitakyushu Monorail probably has too large a visual impact. The beam should be placed above street trees to avoid the need for tree removal, as demonstrated with sections of the Tokyo Monorail.Some Japanese monorail pillars are covered in lattice work to encourage creepers to cover the pillar. This would discourage graffiti. See also the Singapore Monorail pillars. Advertising should not be permitted on pillars, monorail cars or the beamway. Pillar design should be simple and elegant – the objective should be to fit in with Melbourne rather than stand out from it. Switching There is a myth that monorails have a problem with switching. However, in reality all serious monorail systems have switches that are used continuously in day-to-day operation.The proposed system requires switching at the Ashburton end and from the main beamway to storage and maintenance facilities. This can be achieved using one of the methods explained by The Monorail Society on their switch myth page. See also Hitachi Track Switch page. Both sites have video clips of switches in o peration. The Melbourne Monorail would probably use the Segmented Switches shown on the above pages. Safety Monorail systems are not immune from problems caused by poor design. The Seattle monorail has suffered a collision between two cars on a section of track where the beams were too close together.The beams should always be far enough apart to allow monorails to pass without signaling. As far as possible Monorail cars should be fire proof and provide some means of escape. Hitachi recommends evacuation from one monorail train to another one on the adjacent beam – although this has never been necessary in practice. Hitachi monorails can also be coupled together and passengers evacuated through the front or rear doors. (See Hitachi web site for diagram. ) Where monorail beams cross roads with a height clearance less than other existing infrastructure then a protecting beam should be placed across the road ahead of the monorail beam.The monorail should draw power at multiple p oints and have multiple back-up generators capable of at least moving the monorail cars to the next station. All monorail stations should be staffed. Staff should be trained in first aid and be ready to assist the disabled as well as providing security and information. Platform Screen Doors should be used. 1. 2 Types of mono rail based on drive operation. * Electric Power driven. * Magnetic levitation. 1. 3Types of monorail based on position of wagon. * Schwebebahn monorail * Straddle monorail * Cantilevered Monorail * Suspended Monorail 1. 4 Power driven monorail Cheaper technology * Cost of construction per km is less. * Cost of travel per km is less. * Effective for all types of terrains. * Widely accepted. * Maintenance free guideway. * Only rubber tyres get little wear by running on smooth guideway, that’s why rubber tyres has to be changed within 100000 to 150000 km. * Monorail runs on individual guideway, therefore no possibilities of collision. * 0. 015 % of chances o f derailment. 1. 5 Comparison with other MRTS 1. 6 Economical construction as compared to metro rail. 2. 0 OBJECTIVES * To find out problems occurred during excecution of previous monorail projects. Find out solutions for those problems. * Eliminate errors that can occur in future monorail projects. * Total effect on mono-rail project by applying solutions as compared to previous monorail project. * Avoid time ; cost overrun. 3. 0 NEED OF THE STUDY As in India following mono-rail are about to start within next 5 to 7 years. Mumbai mono-rail estimated cost = Rs. 150 cr / km Total cost of project = Rs. 5250 cr. Delhi mono-rail. Bangalore mono-rail. Chennai mono-rail. Kolkata mono-rail. * As all this mono-rail project having estimated cost of 5000 to 8000 crore INR. It is a huge amount of capital ; time to be invested. * This study will help us to avoid the time ; cost overrun of these precious projects. METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY LIBRARY STUDY PRIMARY STUDY CASE STUDIES Various Policies, Strategies, models. Case Study of previously done project Analysis Synthesis, Inferences Report Review Final Feedback Preliminary Report LITERATURE REVIEW Various Problems Occurred In Construction Project * Planning * Funding ; Financing * Engineering and Design * Planning ; Construction * Operation * Safety ; Security * Standards * Laws ; Regulations Projects ; project opportunities Planning Phase In the planning phase, some lessons learned from specific monorail projects such as Seattle Monorail, Kitakyushu Monorail and Chiba will give some useful experiences on how to optimize station and route planning in planning phase, which will guide the best practice in monorail project construction, especially in promoting efficient construction. Design Phase 1. Structural system 2. Guideway layout 3. Design is a complex and demanding process, but it is also the most fruitful area in optimizing the whole project schedule. . Modularization and preassembly in design phase will simplify the construction process, ensure schedule and minimize the impact on the environment. 5. Standardization of design elements is also desirable for any constructible design. 6. Hence, to realize the constructability in monorail projects, some codes are suggested to be followed in the monorail design phase. Problems Which Are Generally Occurred During Execution of MONORAIL Project CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES Foundation and Pier Construction * Survey Team * Tree Clearance/Transplantation Construction Track/Erosion and Sediment Control Construction * Piling of River Foundations * Excavation and Placement of Pad Foundations and Pier and Backfilling * Excavation and placement of foundations with driven piles and pier and backfilling * Access Track and Component Transportation * Depots and Accesses * Depot to Construction Front * Foundation Pads and Piers * Placement of Piers * Transportation for River Foundations * Erection of Monorail Beams * Completion of Monorail Running Surface * Rehabilitatio n * Construction/Mountain Bike Track and Spur Tracks * Future Maintenance Legal Requirements * General Health And Safety Issues * Noise And Lighting Management * Risk Management * Waste Management Literature review We found the information from the case study of monorail of Las Vegas which shows following results * The Monorail The monorail will have the same route as most of the main bus lines today. The monorail system is also expendable in the future. The monorail will be situated above the flower beds and one lane needs to shut off during the construction. The maximum ticket price will be very less for a combination ticket for the monorail and BRT.This price is not more expensive than the current public transport, which means even the poorer families can use the system. * Planet The electricity will be generated with natural gas, which will reach Manaus through a pipeline which is being constructed. The ‘fund’ which plays an important role in the promotion campaign of the monorail, is an already existing ‘reforestation’ fund called RED. Part of the ticket price is donated to this fund. * Land use The monorail will improve and increase commercial activity around the monorail stations (especial around the stadium and downtown).There are no plans to develop these areas. According to SEPLAN, the private sector will take care of this. Possible land use changes around stations did not play any role in choosing the locations of the station. Following are the solution of problems given in the paper â€Å"Constructability Analysis of Monorail Project† is discussed as below: 1. Solving the problems related with the construction of monorail is an important objective in the whole phases of a construction project, and experts with knowledge and experience play an important role in achieving superior constructability. . Constructability analysis will help to eliminate hidden costs and change orders, ensure schedule, improve construction quality and enhance safety in construction project. This research is undertaken to conduct a constructability analysis of monorail project. 3. We identify comprehensive factors which influence monorail project constructability during project planning, design and field operation. Through literature review and case study, a systematic approach and techniques to improve constructability in monorail project will be developed.Finally, we further develop a practical framework for solution implementation in monorail project. 4. Due to the advantages of monorail in many transit realms, dozens of monorail systems have been built and in operating. Other many monorail projects are also in planning and under construction. There is a need to improve constructability of monorail project by bridging gap between engineers and constructors in early stage of monorail project. 5. Results have demonstrated the potential to minimize the number and magnitude of changes, disputes, cost overturns, and dela ys during construction.Following details given bellow are collected from national news paper Times of India: 1. The next phase of city’s monorail rakes running in the metropolitan region will be manufactured in India. All three major monorail manufacturing companies — Scomi of Malaysia, Bombardier of Canada and Hitachi of Japan — have plans to set up manufacturing plants in India. 2. Scomi which is already delivering the first monorail to the city, has already short listed four states in the country where they would want to set up the monorail plant. 3.They expect to finish the formalities of finalising the location by the year-end. The four states they are looking at are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. 4. There is a huge potential market for monorail. As many as 24 cities in India have shown keen interest in having a monorail. It would be our obvious target to tap this potential market and the best way to go further is by setting up a plant here . Compared with the subway (heavy rail) and trolley (light rail), the monorail shows the following advantages (Aoki ; Ishikawa, 1989): 1) EfficiencySince the monorail vehicle uses a concrete or steel guidebeam for both the vehicle’s running surface and structural support, less guideway maintenance is required. The monorail guidebeam does not require periodic adjustment, replacement, grinding, tightening, or other maintenance. The rubber tires get little wear running on smooth guideways. 2) Cost While capital costs can be as much as or more than light rail, monorail can turn a profit once built. The Tokyo Monorail is operated by a private business and turns a profit each year. This is unheard of with conventional rail or bus systems. The Seattle Monorail also turns a profit each year. ) Construction Process of monorail construction is simple – dig a hole, drop in a pre-built support pylon, truck in the track which was manufactured offsite, lift into place! Monorail beam way can be installed far faster than the alternatives. From truck bed to pylons was a matter of a few minutes. The entire system took only seven months to construct. No other fixed rail can be installed as quickly and as disruption-free. Simple construction process of monorail construction. 4) Aesthetics The monorail guideway can be constructed to be an enhancement rather than a detriment to the environment.Monorail systems generally have a smaller footprint on the environment and the narrow guidebeams are less obtrusive than conventional trough-type guideways that are really more like aerial road structures. 5) Safety Monorails run on an exclusive grade-separated guideway. So there is no possibility to collide with other vehicles. The ways by which monorails are designed also make derailments virtually impossible. This is why monorails have an excellent safety record. Monorails of the world 1. Palm Jumeirah Monorail, Dubai, UAE 2. Sentosa Monorail Country / Area| Singapore| Type| S mall| Line Length| 2. 1km|Train Formation| 2cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 60km/h| No. of Track Switches| 2| Inauguration| 2007| Features| First small type monorail| 3. Okinawa Monorail Country / Area| Japan| Type| Medium| Line Length| 13. 1km| Train Formation| 2cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 60km/h| No. of Track Switches| 12| Inauguration| 2003| Features| First FSW monorail| 4. Tama Monorail Country / Area| Japan| Type| Large| Line Length| 16. 0km| Train Formation| 4cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 60km/h| No. of Track Switches| 26| Inauguration| 1998| Features| First VVVF monorail| 5. Osaka Monorail Country / Area| Japan|Type| Large| Line Length| 28. 0km| Train Formation| 4cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 70km/h| No. of Track Switches| 38| Inauguration| 1990| 6. Kita-Kyushu Monorail Country / Area| Japan| Type| Large| Line Length| 8. 8km| Train Formation| 4cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 65km/h| No. of Track Switches| 13| Inauguration| 1985| 7. Osaka Expo. Land Monorail Country / Area| Japan| Type| Medium| Line Length| 4. 3km| Train Formation| 4cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 50km/h| Inauguration| 1970 (abolition 1970)| Features| First ATO operated monorail ; First full flat floor monorail| 8. Tokyo MonorailCountry / Area| Japan| Type| Medium| Line Length| 17. 6km| Train Formation| 6cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 80km/h| No. of Track Switches| 25| Inauguration| 1964| Features| First mass-transit purpose monorail ; tandem axle bogie| 9. Chongqing Monorail, China Country / Area| China| Type| Large| Line Length| 19. 2km| Train Formation| 4cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 75km/h| No. of Track Switches| 9| Inauguration| 2005| Features| First overseas monorail| CASE STUDY Chongqing Metro Chongqing Metro is a  metro  system in  Chongqing,  China Connects city's main business and entertainment downtown areas.Transit type – rapid transit, straddle-beam   – monorail Number of lines – 3 Numb er of stations – 55 Annual ridership – 45 million (2010) [Line 2 only][1] Began operation – 2005 System length – 72. 0 kilometers Line 1 – In operation 2011 Connects densely populated areas and Central Business Districts; Jeifangbei, Daping, and Shapingba. Track length – 16. 4  km No. of stations -14 Line2 – In operation 2005 Connects Yuzhong,Jiulongpo, and  Dadukou. Track length -19. 15  km No. of stations -15 Line 3 – In operation 2011 Connects the districts separated by Chongqing's two main rivers, Track length – 39.   km No. of stations – 29 World's longest single monorail line. Largest monorail system:  Chongqing Rail Transit  (Line 2 & 3), 55. 6km CRT has a total track length in operation – 72. 0  km At 55. 6  km, the system's two monorail lines form the world's largest monorail network, Chongquing monorail map Why the need of a monorail in Chongquing? * China has been achieving econom ic growth averaging about 10% per year. * Problems caused by the underdevelopment of urban infrastructure in major cities have surfaced. * As a result, traffic congestion and air pollution were becoming increasingly serious. Chongqing City is located in the eastern part of the Sichuan basin on the upper reaches of the Chang River * A driving force for economic development in inland regions of China. * Traffic congestion became much worse in the central city areas1, * While air pollution increased due to exhaust gas from automobiles, * Transportation via roads was being inhibited due to the terrain of Chongqing City and the condition of the existing city areas. * The central part of Chongqing City is in a rugged mountainous area. * It is divided in two by the Chang River and the Jialing River. Improvement of the urban environment was considered * There were approximately 4,300,000 bus users per day6 in 2008,accounting for approximately 80% of all transport modes used in Chongqing Cit y. * Development of the Light Rail Transit system is expected to relieve traffic congestion in the central city areas and realize reliable transportation. Project Outline * Approved Amount/ Disbursed Amount – 27,108 million yen / 27,107 million yen * Exchange of Notes Date/ Loan Agreement Signing Date – March 2001 / March 2001 * Terms and Conditions – Interest Rate : 0. 75% Repayment Period : 40 years (Grace Period: 10 years) * Condition for Procurement: Bilateral tied * Borrower / Executing Agencies – Government of the People’s Republic of China /Chongqing * Municipal People’s Government (Project Implementation * Unit: Chongqing Rail Transit General Corporation (CRTC)) * Final Disbursement Date – January 2007 * Main Contractor (Over 1 billion yen) – China International Trust & Investment Corp. (China) / * China Shanghai (Group) Corp. For Foreign Economic & Technology (China) and Changchun Railway .Vehicles Co. Ltd. (China) (JV ) / Mitsui & Co. Ltd. (Japan) * Main Consultant (Over 100million yen) – Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) (Japan) and * Pacific Consultants International (PCI) (Japan) (JV) * Feasibility Studies:-F/S prepared by the Second Design Department of the Ministry of Railways (2000) JICA Special Assistance for Project (SAPROF) prepared by Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) and Pacific Consultants International (PCI) (1998) Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) (Japan) and Pacific Consultants International (PCI) (Japan) (JV) .Project Cost * The planned cost was 44,328 million yen (Japan’s ODA loan amount was 27,108 million), and the actual cost was 46,036 million yen (Japan’s ODA loan amount was 27,107 million), which slightly higher than planned (about 104% of the plan). * The main reason for cost excess was foreign exchange fluctuations. * Both project period and project cost slightly exceeded the plan. * Therefore efficiency of the project is fair. Proble ms faced during the Execution of Chongquing monorail. . In the Official Development Assistance Charter (ODA Charter) approved by the Cabinet in 1992, â€Å"Environmental conservation and development should be pursued in tandem† is stipulated as one of the principles of Japan’s ODA policy. In 2000, a committee in the governing party proposed a â€Å"Summary of and Guidelines for Economic Assistance to China. † Based on the content of this document, the â€Å"Economic Cooperation Program for China† was established in 2001.This series of guidelines and plans designated cooperation towards resolving environmental and other global issues, improved living standards and social development in the inland regions, and the promotion of mutual understanding, etc. , as priority areas for Japan’s ODA to China. The objective of this project is therefore thought to be in compliance with the assistance policy of Japan because it aims for alleviation of air pollutio n in China’s inland regions. Sol:-This project has been highly relevant with the country development plan, development needs, as well as Japan’s ODA policy, therefore its relevance is high. . Construction of precautions and environmental measures for soil runoff ,noise problems, water pollution. etc. ,know-how of technology transfer for environmental monitoring. Sol:- March 2001 to June 2005:Implemented from the project commencement to the operation commencement. 3. Height difference between the rail for the section from Dongwuyuan Station to Dayancun Station and the rail south of Dayancun Station Sol:- The Agency decided to complete the line as far as Dongwuyuan Station without constructing Dayancun Station during this project.As a result, it was decided that the section between Jiaochangkou Station and Dongwuyuan Station would be the project section for Phase 1, and that Dayancun Station would be constructed in phase 2 of the Line 2 project (completed in July 2006). 4. Arrangement of carriages (Since volume of passengers was ascertain) Sol:- The Executing Agency adopted a three stage plan for the arrangement of the carriages (first stage : four-carriage trains, second stage: six-carriage trains, third stage: eight-carriage trains).For time being, Its working with 4 carriages as per the volume of passengers. 5. Differences in Consulting services 6. Delay in tendering process 7. Machinery procurement procedures & delivery 8. In case of Chongquing, due to SARS (Swine flu) increased the time for construction. 9. Cost excess was due to foreign exchange fluctuations 10. Resettlement of 470 residents(190 families) and acquiring approximately 12. 00ha of land for the project implementation. (Land Acquisition)Sol :-The Chongqing Municipal People’s Government and the Executing Agency, the bodies responsible for implementing the resettlement of residents and the land acquisition, went through the procedures, the Chongqing City Urban Resettlement Ma nagement Ordinance, and established the Chongqing Light Rail Transit Line 2 Land Confiscation and Resettlement Compensation Guidelines in order to pay compensation to resettled residents. The land acquisition was also implemented without any particular problems, based on the Law of Land Administration of the People's Republic of China. 11. Height differences. Soln:- Straddle-beam monorail was used. 2. Problems of long span. (30m-40m) 13. Accidents due to armoured concrete, mechanical equipments. etc. CONCLUSION * Thus we conclude that, * The Chongquing monorail project exceeded the projected time of completion and project cost, but still the project is evaluated satisfactory. * So if we avoid or maybe find out the best alternative/or solution/ for the above problem/s the cost and time factor will not exceed. * This study about the problems of the execution of the monorail will help as a guideline to overcome or avoid the obstructions/problems/restrictions in the execution of future monorail projectsBIBLIOGRAPHY * www. hitachi. co. in * The urbanaut company Inc. Monorail systems * Civil engineering and construction review , vol. 24 April 2011Monorail , A viable urban transportation system By, Dr. R. Kuberan. * Civil engineering and construction review , vol. 24 April 2011 construction methodologies for mumbai Monorail projects By, Mr. C. Sankaralingam ; Mr. K. Senthilnathan. * Jakes, Andrew S. , Las Vegas Monorail, 1995. * The Monorail Society website – located at: www. monorails. org * Constructability Analysis of Monorail Project CIV. 1278 F: by Prof. EI-Diraby

Misconception Essay

No, humans did not evolve from monkeys, but did we evolve from apes then? Well turns out even though we are more closely related to apes than monkeys, we still didn’t evolve from them. So who or what did humans evolve from? Scientists believe that humans share a common ancestor with modern African apes (gorillas, chimpanzees). This ancestor lived five to eight million years ago, but hold on if this was true wouldn’t this mean that humans and apes would be exactly the same? According to evolution we would be, but the ancestors species diverged into two separate linages one being the apes and chimps and the other one being an early human called a hominid. There were many different hominids but over time the hominids who didn’t go extinct, evolved and diverged thus becoming a new species. The statement that humans come from monkeys is a misconception because if that were true then we would have no monkeys, but instead all of those monkeys would be humans; that or the monkeys would be slowly evolving into human like creatures over time. The theory of evolution completely refutes this statement for the reasons stated previously. The theory suggests that we didn’t come from monkeys or apes but from a common ancestor this can be depicted by a tree of life with many branches. The tree is the common ancestor and the branches are the many species that came from that ancestor. Over time some branches fall off while others flourish turns out we were one of the flourishing branches. The evidence that this is in fact a misconception is fossils and modern day observations. Scientists have found many different kinds of hominid fossils. They are all significantly different and some share the traits of monkeys and apes while some share characteristics of humans nowadays. For example homo sapiens being the ones mostly related to us have a large brain size a forehead that rises sharply, eyebrow ridges that are very small, a prominent chin and a much lighter bone structure than past hominids.

Two Generations Apart

Josephine Hong 031 Term Paper June 6, 2011 Two Generations Apart Throughout time, literature has always been used as an outlet for debate and discussion of structural flaws. Thus, the poets of the Romantic period sought to change society’s neoclassic state of mind by breaking away from reliance on reasoning and instead encouraging individualism, using imagination and emotion as inspiration. Initially, Romantic poetry became the antithesis of classical poety as the poets soley challenged the established precepts of the Age of Reason by creating their own manifesto of composing poetry. However, as the English began to revolt against the principles of the French Revolution, which originally sparked this movement, a new generation of poets evolved. Rather than only focusing on defying the works of Neoclassic times, these poets strove to attack the established social order of their time. As this generation of poets longed for social and political stability, they began to reach out to artworks of the past to give them hope for a better future. Despite the common, underlying themes of emotion, nature, and imagination in Romantic poetry, two distinct generations arose during this period as the first-generation Romantics strictly focused on establishing a new form of poetry that differed from their Neoclassic counterparts, while the second-generation Romantics used poetry as a vessel to explore the relationship between art and life. During the Romantic Period, poets from both generations challenged man’s reliance on rationality as they began to emphasis emotions over reason. As this shift occurred, the search for a creative force or spirit that lies only within a man’s inner self became apparent in the works of Romantic poets. In one of his poems, William Wordsworth seeks this supreme force as he cries out, â€Å"Wisdom and Spirit of the universe! / Thou Soul, that art the Eternity of thought! † (â€Å"Influence of Natural Objects†, lines 1-2, RPO). He personifies the universe and seeks its power to draw out this inner spirit within him, for the universe can shape and fill his mind with purifying images of natural beauty. Similarly, Samuel Coleridge describes â€Å"[his] feeling heart, [his] searching soul† as he dedicates himself to this great, unknown force (â€Å"Ode to Tranquillity†, line 26, Columbia Grangers). He hopes to â€Å"trace/ The greatness of some future race† through this spirit â€Å"within [himself]† rather than â€Å"scan/? The present works of present man–†¦/Too foolish for a tear, too wicked for a smile† (â€Å"Ode to Tranquillity†, lines 31-33, Columbia Grangers). As the Romantic poets began to focus on the power of human emotions, they rejected the authoritative precepts of their classical precedents who concentrated greatly on logic and reasoning. Wordsworth rebukes society’s reliance on rationality as he says, â€Å"Enough of Science and of Art;/ Close up those barren leaves;/ Come forth, and bring with you a heart/ That watches and receives† (â€Å"The Tables Turned†, lines 29-32, RPO). He strongly urges his friend to turn away from meaningless books and learn through feeling the heart. Thus, the Romantics surpassed logical reasoning by expanding their knowledge through the use of imagination as a gateway to express their emotions. Personifying a cloud, Percy Shelley uses first person narrative as he imagines a cloud’s experience in nature. To the cloud, the moon becomes an â€Å"orbed maiden with white fire laden† who â€Å"glides glimmering o'er [the cloud’s] fleece-like floor† (â€Å"The Cloud†, lines 45-47, RPO). Shelley introduces a new point of view to his readers that allows them to emotionally identify with natural objects around them rather than to analyze. The Romantic poets â€Å"called for a greater attention to the emotions as a necessary supplement to purely logical reason† (Flesch 2). As poets began to emphasis the significance of emotions during this time, a new focus emerged among British poets. Usually overlooked by the materialistic society of their time, nature became the key focus for the Romantic poets. These poets sought nature as place to explore fundamental aspects of human nature away from society’s hectic atmosphere. In one of his poems, Wordsworth states that â€Å"The elements of feeling and of thought† can only be purified â€Å"With life and nature† and â€Å"Not with the mean and vulgar works of Man† (â€Å"Influence of Natural Objects†, lines 8 ; 10-11, RPO). He conveys an aversion to materialistic goods, for he believes that these objects only distract one from truly discovering oneself. Romantics then attempted to show that even simple and insignificant parts of nature, if approached correctly, had the ability to expand one’s mind. Thus, Wordsworth depicts how not only †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ did Nature link/ The human soul that through [him] ran†, but also â€Å"†¦grieve [his] heart to think/ What man has made of man† (â€Å"Lines Written in Early Spring†, lines 5-8, Bartleby). â€Å"While in a grove [he] sat reclined†, Wordsworth was able to see the negative effects of industrialism by its contrast to nature’s beauty (â€Å"Lines Written in Early Spring†, lines 2, Bartleby). Similarly, Coleridge asks a skylark to â€Å"Teach [him], Sprite or Bird,/ What sweet thoughts are thine† (â€Å"To a Skylark†, lines 61-62, RPO). Despite the small size of this bird, Coleridge glorifies it as he seeks its guidance to help expand his perspective. As nature became a source of inspiration, the Romantics focused on the concept of the sublime to not only instill terror but also elevate admiration for the natural world. In â€Å"Influence of Natural Objects,† Wordsworth asserts nature’s way of â€Å"†¦sanctifying by such discipline/ Both pain and fear, — until [people] recognize/ A grandeur in the beatings of the heart† (lines 12-14, RPO). He conveys the idea that through nature’s awe-inspiring power humanity can comprehend the significance of life. Nature became the subject of Romantic poetry as poets sought in its beauty an insight of their soul. The first-generation poets became â€Å"rebels† as they attacked and broke away from the artificial and formal styles of the Age of Reason. These poets established that good poetry should arise from spontaneous flashes of insight, sparked by actual events, which ultimately became the topic of most of their poems. After revisiting a certain location, Wordsworth creates a poem on impulse as he â€Å"Once again/ †¦ [beholds] these steep and lofty cliffs† (â€Å"Tintern Abbey†, lines 4-5, RPO). Likewise, Coleridge produces a poem after a visit from his friends as he laments that â€Å"†¦they are gone, and here must [he] remain† at home, unable to walk with them through nature (â€Å"This Lime-tree Bower my Prison†, line 1, RPO). By spontaneously creating poetry, both these poets are able to break away from the previous Neoclassic precept of strictly, structured poetry. Furthermore, the first-generation poets strayed away from using complex, elaborate expressions like their Neoclassic counterparts and instead used simple, everyday language. In â€Å"Lines Written in Early Spring,† Wordsworth uses common, sylvan words rather than complicated, lofty language to illustrate nature. He writes that â€Å"The birds around [him] hopped and played† and â€Å"The budding twigs spread out their fan, / To catch the breezy air† (lines 13 ; 18-19, RPO). By using such diction, Wordsworth knows that his readers can easily visualize and understand his poem, leaving a more permanent impact in their minds. Finally, the first-generation poets used imagination to contrast the dry intellectualism of the Age of Reason. In his poem â€Å"This Lime-tree Bower my Prison,† Coleridge imagines his â€Å"Friends†¦ /On springy heath, along the hill-top edge† because he cannot physically join them (lines 6-7, RPO). By visioning this imaginary scene, he emancipates himself from the tyranny of conventions and literary rules of the Neoclassic Era, for his imagination cannot be controlled. The first-generation Romantics’ ultimate goal was to liberate themselves from the authoritative ways of the previous era. Unlike the Neoclassic poets who greatly focused on the society as a whole, the first-generation poets became more concerned with the individual. Thus, rustic life generally became the topic of these poets, who believed that only in this humble setting could one truly discover basic thoughts and feelings. In â€Å"Influence of Natural Objects,† Wordsworth states how â€Å"By day or star-light, thus from [his] first dawn/ Of childhood [did nature] intertwine for [him]/ The passions that build up [the] human soul† (lines 5-7, RPO). He expresses the idea of nature establishing a connection between his emotions and spirit, allowing him to recognize the elemental feelings that engender the human soul. Likewise, Coleridge realizes that nature â€Å"†¦may well employ/ Each faculty of sense, and keep the heart/ Awake to Love and Beauty! † (â€Å"This Lime-tree Bower my Prison†, line 64-66, RPO). As he sits and imagines a walk through nature, he is reminded of how human senses and feelings come alive in nature’s environment. The first-generation poets then centered around the common man, who typically lived closer to and interacted more with the unseen spirit of nature that the poets seeked. In one of his poems, Wordsworth apostrophizes a Highland girl and praises her â€Å"†¦mien, or face,/ In which more plainly [he] could trace/ Benignity and home-bred sense/ Ripening in perfect innocence† (â€Å"To a Highland Girl†, lines 24-26, RPO). Moreover, this girl’s humble upbringing attracts Wordsworth as he wishes â€Å"†¦here to dwell/ Beside [her] in some heathy dell† and â€Å"Adopt [her] homely ways† (â€Å"To a Highland Girl†, lines 49-51, RPO). By degrees, the first-generation Romantics appealed not to the logical mind, but to the complete self, in the whole scope of senses, emotions and intellectual abilities. Despite the first-generation’s initial deviation from the use of artifice, the second-generation Romantics began to value art over nature admist the escalating social conflicts of their time. Rather than finding inspiration in nature, the second-generation poets became moved by literature and artwork from the past. John Keats writes an ode to a urn that expresses â€Å"A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme† (â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn†, line 4, RPO). He asserts that the story this urn portrays is far more superior to the poetry of his time. Likewise, he writes a poem about his reaction to reading George Chapman’s translation of Homer. He describes how he â€Å"then felt†¦like some watcher of the skies/ When a new planet swims into his ken†, for Chapman’s translation opened up a new perspective for Keats that broadened his intellect. Moreover, the latter poets of the Romantic era sought the art of the past as inspiration for hope amid the chaos of the world surrounding them. In â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn,† Keats concludes that â€Å"When old age, shall this generation waste,/ [the urn shall] remain, in midst of other woe† (lines 46-47, RPO). He places faith in the urn to remain and tell its story despite the decay of his own generation. Earlier art becomes crucial for the second-generation poets as it allowed the poets to escape the turmoils of their time. The second-generation Romantics then began to reflect upon the relationship between the real and the ideal. Departing from prior methods, these poets did not write about actual experieneces but instead created imagined places in their poetry. In â€Å"Ode to Psyche,† Keats creates a supernatural setting â€Å"In deepest grass,/ beneath the whisp’ring roof/ Of leaves and trembled blossoms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (lines 10-11, RPO). Rather than reiterating a past experience, Keats employs the power of his imagination to create a credible, sylvan scenery. Futhermore, despite being figments of the poets’ imaginations, the subjects of the poems were usually actual objects in nature, which allowed readers to identify with them. In one of his poems, Shelley uses his imagination to become a cloud. He paints a pictures for his readers as he personifies the cloud to â€Å"†¦bind the Sun’s throne with a burning zone,/ And the Moon’s with a girdle of pearl† (â€Å"The Cloud†, lines 59-60, RPO). Readers are able to visualize this image and connect with nature because they are familiar with these objects. Thus, the second-generation poets were able to escape the disorder of their world by using their imagination to create ideal locations. Despite the common notion of the Romantic Period being a unified, literary movement, there are two distinct generations that arise within this single era. As the first-generation poets focused on defying their classical precedents, the second-generation poets concentrated on analyzing the materialistic world around them and using their imagination to bring their thoughts into reality. However, both generations hoped that their poetry would lead the world to change by enlightening others to strive for a more perfect society. Thus, the poets of the Romantic period established that future generations should seek new ideas and not just accept past beliefs, for the goal of poetry is to illustrate a greater picture. Works Cited Flesch, William. â€Å"Romanticism. The Facts On File Companion to British Poetry, 19th Century. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2009. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. . (accessed May 1, 2011). Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. â€Å"Ode to Tranquillity. † Columbia Granger's World of Poetry Online. 2011. Columbia University Press. 6 Jun. 2011. . â€Å"RPO — John Keats : Ode to Psyche. â⠂¬  Representative Poetry On-line: Version 3. 0. University of Toronto Libraries. Web. 01 June 2011. . â€Å"RPO — John Keats : On First Looking into Chapman's Homer. † Representative Poetry On-line: Version 3. 0. University of Toronto Libraries. Web. 03 June 2011. . â€Å"RPO — Percy Bysshe Shelley : The Cloud. † Representative Poetry On-line: Version 3. 0. University of Toronto Libraries. Web. 03 June 2011. . â€Å"RPO — Percy Bysshe Shelley : To a Skylark. † Representative Poetry On-line: Version 3. 0. University of Toronto Libraries. Web. 03 June 2011. . RPO — Samuel Taylor Coleridge : This Lime-tree Bower My Prison. † Representative Poetry On-line: Version 3. 0. University of Toronto Libraries. Web. 04 June 2011. . â€Å"RPO — William Wordsworth : Influence of Natural Objects in Calling Forth and Strengthening the Imagination in Boyhood and Early Youth. † Representative Poetry On-line: Version 3. 0. Universit y of Toronto Libraries. Web. 03 June 2011. . â€Å"RPO — William Wordsworth : Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, On Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour. July 13, 1798. † Representative Poetry On-line: Version 3. 0. University of Toronto Libraries. Web. 02 June 2011. . â€Å"RPO — William Wordsworth : The Tables Turned. † Representative Poetry On-line: Version 3. 0. University of Toronto Libraries. Web. 03 June 2011. . â€Å"RPO — William Wordsworth : To a Highland Girl. † Representative Poetry On-line: Version 3. 0. University of Toronto Libraries. Web. 03 June 2011. . â€Å"Wordsworth, William. 1888. Complete Poetical Works. Lines Written in Early Spring. † Bartleby. com: Great Books Online — Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and Hundreds More. Bartleby. com. Web. 03 June 2011. . Works Consulted Oerlemans, Onno. â€Å"Romantic Poetry, English. † Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy. Ed. J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2009. 212-214. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 02 June 2011. â€Å"Preface to Lyrical Ballads. William Wordsworth (1800). 1909-14. Famous Prefaces. The Harvard Classics. † Bartleby. com: Great Books Online — Quotes, Poems, Novels,

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example But who is she hanging out with And who is lurking online in the shadows of MySpace leering at the profiles of these vulnerable tweens While some have hailed MySpace as the greatest social experiment of the century, others have called it a Sears and Roebuck catalogue for pedophiles. Are these children age 8-13 years old safe on MySpace Or are websites like MySpace potentially dangerous for the pre-teen crowd The rising popularity of MySpace has made this a timely and important question. Parents struggle to keep up with their Internet savvy kids who are always one step ahead. Security blocks and parental controls may be subverted when parents can't maintain a 24/7 vigil on their 10-year-old. Reports have begun to proliferate as predators find ways into the MySpace domain and use it as their personal hunting ground. Still, MySpace contends that it has taken steps to curtail the dangers and has committed to making it a safe meeting place for all ages. The public and parents need to be certain that the realm of online social networking is indeed safe for children. This paper will attempt to answer three main questions. First, the paper will try to determine if a 13-year-old girl can sign up on MySpace and create the profile of an 18-year-old girl. This will determine if an unsupervised 13-year-old girl is safe in this environment. Second, it will try to establish whether a 35 year old male can register and create a profile of a 15 year old girl. This will determine whether any underage girl on MySpace is out of reach of predators. Third, the paper will consider whether the amount of information contained in the typical underage profile is useful to predators. This will examine the ways in which a pedophile might exploit what appears to be innocent information. The research will be conducted by gathering information from credible experts on the topic of teenage digital networks. It will look at the statistics they present and the unique point of view that they offer. It will draw on personal experiences of those that have been members of MySpace. There will be no actual attempt made to register with MySpace under false pretenses just to prove it can be done. Rather, the paper will interview a computer security expert to gain insight into what flaws there may be in MySpace's registration and profile process. Bibliography Carlotti, Richard. Personal Interview. 21 Feb. 2007. Carlotti is a computer securities expert with a pharmaceutical chain. He has analyzed the MySpace registration process. He contends that to provide adequate security, the site would be unusable except by professionals. He said, "If it is designed to be used by teen-agers, the security needs to be geared toward them. Which means any one with a 13 year old mind can subvert the system". He further stated that there is no practical way to do age checking on the Internet and there is nothing available in the near future. He said identity verification on the Internet "could only be accomplished with expensive biometric techniques such as fingerprint readers or retina scans. These are the kinds of things the Defense Department uses, but not MySpace". Carlotti contended that the present registration method at MySpace is the honor system. It takes what you give it. He said that the limitation of contacting children under 18 merely requires a name and

Technology Influence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology Influence - Assignment Example However, EM has over the years struggled with communication networks that are often jammed or destroyed in the event of adverse natural disasters. In the case of Hurricane Katrina, for example, many of the wireless base stations were grounded and telecommunication cables were destroyed (Coombs & Holladay, 2012). Jamming of the networks is occasioned by overloading of call centers such as the boosters installed exceed their capacity to complete incoming or outgoing calls. This is a serious challenge that not only impacts the direct victims of the disasters but also the emergency teams working to rescue lives and properties. Evidently, therefore, the conventional forms of communication, which mostly comprise of cable and wireless networks, are prone to jamming and distraction of pre-requisite infrastructure. The problem has further been aggravated by government reduction of budget allocated to FEMA which could have, otherwise, benefitted their efforts to reinforce telecommunication inf rastructure within the agencies involved in emergency management. Despite the above challenges occasioned by over-reliance in conventional communication systems, advancements in information and technology appear to offer solution to this same communication challenge. Undoubtedly, the advent of social media platforms of communication have tremendously resolved the barriers of jammed networks and destruction of infrastructure. As it stands at the moment, Facebook and Twitter are the two online social platforms with the highest number of subscribers. In the event of a disaster, the victims can easily update their statuses and, therefore, friends and family members can easily established the location of each other. Similarly, through the hash-tag feature that permits a trending topic to be easily accessed by millions across the globe, the various rescue agencies working in collaboration with FEMA can easily establish the location and the needs of the victims.

Catch me if you can Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catch me if you can - Essay Example The movie became very popular and was highly appraised by the critics and general public. The movie portrayed the biographical account of Abagnale so skilfully that he also reacted very positively towards the movie (Abagnale, et al, p165). The movie tells the miseries and inner struggle of the children of the broken house and somehow attempts to create sympathetic attitude towards a crook. The director insists that one must look at the genius side of the criminal however, he clarifies that he never meant to influence the career decisions of people by showing them a way. The movie tells about the gifted skills and confidence of a person who successfully played different roles and people failed to realize his tricks until he grabbed millions of dollars from them. His experiences allow him learning how to become a master forger by using his talent and skills (Spielberg et al, p85). The movie beautifully and attractively depicts the true story of Abagnale who currently works as a consult ant on preventing forgery and has assist the authorities in designing secure checking system so that the cases of false identify based fraud and other crimes could be prevented. FBI Agent Carl Hanratty realized that rather putting him in jail for his frauds it would be better to use his talent and skills for the prevention of the crimes and in this way he used his capabilities to overall good of the society. The movie talks about different ways through which a person could take advantages of the flaws in the security and operating system of organizations and society and could steal money from the people. The movie is directly related with the business law because it talks about the ways a person broke the laws in the corporate world and later became helping hand to prevent such incidents on the basis of his deep observations and skills. He spent less than five years in the jail and was released in the condition to help federal authorities in fighting against the frauds and scam arti sts (Abagnale and Redding, et al, p165) The business laws and cases also inform about the situations where any person could find a way to commit fraud. The law clearly talks about the people involved in the monitory frauds through false identities (Frank et al, p148). There are different punishments decided for such people based upon the level and severity of their fraud. However, the law also allows the authorities to decide if they can also make positive use of the talent and skills of the forger through agreement that they will help the authorities in fighting against crime and will use their skills in constructive manner to prevent crime rather becoming part of a fraud (Spielberg et al, p85). The movie indicates the need of making business laws more strict and flawless so that the people having the skills of taking up false identities could not become successful in deceiving the authorities and general public. The movie tells the true tale of a person and gives lesson to the gen eral public, corporates and authorities that there is possibility of occurrence of such crimes around them so it is very important to remain careful in checking the identities of the people so that anyone could not betray their confidence by playing false identity (Spielberg et al, p85). The movie is directly connected with the matters related with business laws and affirms that there is need of updating the business laws regularly so that no one can find an open door left behind to enter the

Ethical issues business financial reporting Essay

Ethical issues business financial reporting - Essay Example In this type of manipulation when preparers of financial reports become aware of a proposal for alteration of accounting regulation which they consider will be unfavorable for them, they resort to various means to stop the change or bring a change which will serve their purpose. The intention of the regulators is to make financial reports useful to all users. The financial teams are intermediaries between the users and regulators. They have the freedom to interpret the regulation. At times they interpret the regulations in a manner that may suit their own views. This cannot be considered justifiable to the users. Clear and well designed financial reports shows that the preparers of the reports have abided by the law and followed the regulations. Often the accounting regulations are poorly formulated or not enforced properly. These loopholes lead to manipulations (Gowthorpe & Amat, n.d.). At times entries in accounts have certain degree of estimation or prediction, the estimate might be too optimistic leading to errors. Even if an outside expert is consulted the valuation can be manipulated through the manner in which he has been briefed by the accountant or his personal nature (i.e., optimistic or pessimistic). Balance sheet may be manipulated by entering artificial transactions. This is done by entering into other related transaction with a third party. For example, an asset is sold to a bank and then leased back for the rest of the life. The sale price in this arrangement is set at a price above or below the current asset value. The difference is adjusted by increased or reduced rentals. Genuine transactions are also timed to provide a favorable impression. The scope for choosing between various accounting methods should be reduced. There should be consistency in the method that the company is adopting with the intention that he may not switch over to another accounting method in another year to suit his purpose. Companies